Breast cancer is among the most common and serious health challenges faced by women around the world. In India, it is the most common cancer diagnosed in women, with an increasing number of cases being reported in both urban and rural regions. Although advances in screening and treatment have improved survival rates, delayed diagnosis remains a major challenge due to limited awareness and regular check-ups. This is when understanding breast cancer in detail and knowing when to seek medical help can make a big difference. In this article, we will discuss the key aspects of breast cancer, including its causes, symptoms, stages, and the importance of timely diagnosis for effective treatment.
What is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer is a disease that starts when cells in the breast grow and multiply in an uncontrolled way. Normally, our body’s cells divide and die in an organised manner, but in breast cancer, some cells begin to grow abnormally and form a lump or tumour. These cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and, in advanced cases, spread to other parts of the body.
Most breast cancers begin in the ducts that carry milk to the nipple (ductal cancer) or in the glands that produce milk (lobular cancer). While it mostly affects women, men can also develop breast cancer, though it’s much less common.
Early detection is key. Regular self-examinations and screening tests such as mammograms can help identify changes in the breast before symptoms become noticeable. When detected early, breast cancer is highly treatable, and modern therapies can help many people live long, healthy lives.
What are the Types of Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer can appear in different forms depending on where it begins and how aggressively it grows. Understanding these types helps doctors plan the most effective treatment for each patient. The main types include:
Invasive Breast Cancer
This form occurs when cancer cells spread beyond their point of origin into surrounding breast tissue. The most common types are invasive ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts, and invasive lobular carcinoma, which begins in the lobules.
Non-Invasive (In Situ) Breast Cancer
Also called carcinoma in situ, this type remains confined to the ducts or lobules and has not spread to nearby tissues. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common non-invasive form and is highly treatable when detected early.
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer gets its name because it does not have three key receptors, oestrogen, progesterone, and HER2, that most other breast cancers do. Since many treatments target these receptors, this type does not respond to hormone or targeted therapy, making it more difficult to treat. However, it often responds well to chemotherapy when detected early.
HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
In this type, excess HER2 protein causes cancer cells to grow and divide rapidly. Targeted therapies can effectively block this protein and control disease progression.
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
This rare and fast-growing cancer affects the skin and lymph vessels of the breast, leading to redness, swelling, and warmth rather than a distinct lump. It requires prompt diagnosis and treatment due to its aggressive nature.
Common Symptoms of Breast Cancer
The signs of breast cancer can vary widely from one person to another. Not every change in the breast indicates cancer, but being aware of unusual symptoms helps in seeking timely medical advice. Yatharth Hospital encourages both women and men to stay alert to changes and undergo regular screening for early detection.
Symptoms of Breast Cancer in Women
Common warning signs may include:
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A new lump or thickened area in the breast or underarm that feels different from the surrounding tissue
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Noticeable change in the size, shape, or appearance of one or both breasts
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Redness, puckering, or dimpling of the breast skin, giving it an orange-peel-like texture
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Nipple discharge that may appear clear, whitish, or mixed with blood
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Nipple turning inward (inverted) or changing its usual position suddenly
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Persistent pain, tenderness, or discomfort in the breast not related to the menstrual cycle
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Swelling in part of the breast or the entire breast, sometimes accompanied by warmth or heaviness
Symptoms of Breast Cancer in Men
Although rare, breast cancer in men can show similar symptoms, such as:
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A firm lump or thickened area near or behind the nipple
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Change in nipple shape or unexpected discharge, which may be clear, yellow, or bloody
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Scaling, peeling, or redness of the nipple or surrounding breast skin
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Swelling, tenderness, or discomfort in the chest area
If you notice any of these signs, it is important to consult an oncologist without delay. Early evaluation can help determine the cause and, if necessary, begin treatment promptly for better outcomes.
Causes and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
The exact cause of breast cancer is not always known, but several genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors can increase the likelihood of developing it. Understanding these risk factors allows individuals to make informed choices and take preventive measures.
Common causes and risk factors include:
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Genetic mutations: Inherited changes in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 significantly raise the risk of breast and ovarian cancers.
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Family history: Having close relatives with breast cancer increases the chance of developing the disease.
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Hormonal influences: Prolonged exposure to oestrogen, such as through early menstruation, late menopause, or hormone therapy, can contribute to risk.
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Age: The risk of breast cancer rises with age, especially after 40.
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Lifestyle factors: Obesity, lack of physical activity, smoking, and regular alcohol consumption can increase the chances of breast cancer.
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Radiation exposure: Previous chest radiation, especially at a young age, can raise long-term risk.
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Reproductive history: Having a first pregnancy after 30 or never having given birth may slightly increase risk.
While these factors may raise the risk, having one or more does not mean a person will definitely develop breast cancer. Regular check-ups and mammograms can help detect any changes early and guide appropriate preventive steps.
Stages of Breast Cancer
Staging helps doctors determine how far breast cancer has spread and which treatment options are most suitable. Each stage reflects the size of the tumour, whether lymph nodes are involved, and if the disease has reached other organs. Early-stage detection usually leads to better recovery and outcomes. Stages in which breast cancer progress are:
Stage 0
This is a non-invasive or pre-cancer stage where abnormal cells are confined to the ducts or lobules and have not spread. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common form at this stage and is highly treatable when detected early.
Stage 1
At this stage, the tumour is small and limited to the breast, with minimal or no spread to nearby lymph nodes. Treatment at this point often leads to an excellent prognosis.
Stage 2
The tumour may be slightly larger and could involve nearby lymph nodes but remains within the breast region. With timely medical care, the disease is still considered highly manageable.
Stage 3
This is a locally advanced stage where cancer has spread to several lymph nodes or tissues around the breast, such as the chest wall or skin. Aggressive treatment may be required, combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
Stage 4
Also known as metastatic breast cancer, this stage means the disease has spread to distant organs such as the lungs, liver, bones, or brain. Although not curable, it can be managed effectively with modern targeted therapies to improve quality of life and survival.
Regular screening and timely diagnosis at Yatharth Hospital can help identify breast cancer before it advances, improving the chances of successful treatment.
How is Breast Cancer Diagnosed?
Accurate diagnosis forms the foundation of effective breast cancer treatment. Doctors use a combination of imaging tests, laboratory investigations, and pathology evaluations to detect, confirm, and determine the stage of the disease. Early and precise diagnosis helps in planning the most suitable treatment approach and improving outcomes. Common diagnostic methods include:
Clinical Breast Examination
A doctor physically examines both breasts and nearby lymph nodes to check for lumps, thickening, or other changes.
Mammogram and Ultrasound
A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast that helps detect tumours too small to feel. Ultrasound imaging is often used alongside mammography to differentiate between solid tumours and fluid-filled cysts.
Biopsy and Pathology Reports
A biopsy involves removing a small sample of breast tissue for laboratory analysis. Pathology reports confirm whether the tissue is cancerous and identify its type, grade, and hormone receptor status, which helps in planning treatment.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
MRI provides detailed images of the breast using magnetic fields. It helps assess the extent of cancer, especially in dense breast tissue or when multiple tumours are suspected.
PET-CT Scan
This imaging test helps identify whether cancer has spread beyond the breast to other parts of the body and also assists doctors in assessing how well the treatment is working.
Breast Cancer Treatment Options
The treatment for breast cancer depends on several factors, including the type, stage, size of the tumour, and overall health of the patient. A multidisciplinary team of oncologists, surgeons, and specialists work together to create a personalised treatment plan that offers the best possible outcomes. Treatment may include one or a combination of the following approaches, each designed to target the cancer effectively and support recovery:
Surgery
Surgery is often the first step in treating breast cancer. Depending on the case, doctors may perform a lumpectomy to remove the tumour and surrounding tissue or a mastectomy to remove the entire breast. Lymph node removal may also be done to check the spread of cancer.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses powerful medicines to destroy cancer cells or stop them from growing. It can be given before surgery to shrink tumours or after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.
Radiation Therapy
High-energy rays are used to target and destroy any remaining cancer cells in the breast, chest wall, or lymph nodes. It is often recommended after surgery to lower the chances of cancer returning.
Targeted Therapy
This approach focuses on specific proteins or genes, such as HER2, that promote cancer growth. Targeted drugs can effectively stop these signals and limit the disease’s spread.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy boosts the body’s immune system to identify and attack cancer cells. It is often used in certain types of advanced or triple-negative breast cancers.
Hormone Therapy
This treatment blocks or lowers hormones like oestrogen and progesterone that can fuel some types of breast cancer, helping to slow or stop their growth.
How to Prevent Breast Cancer?
Although breast cancer cannot always be prevented, certain lifestyle choices and regular screening can help lower the risk and support early detection. Individuals, especially women above 40, are encouraged to stay proactive about their breast health through regular check-ups and healthy habits. Here are some effective steps to reduce the risk of breast cancer:
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Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity and excess body fat can increase hormone levels that may contribute to breast cancer.
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Stay physically active: Regular exercise helps regulate hormones, boost immunity, and maintain overall well-being.
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Limit alcohol intake: Reducing alcohol consumption can lower the risk of hormone-related cancers.
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Eat a balanced diet: Include fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and foods rich in antioxidants.
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Avoid smoking: Tobacco use increases the risk of several cancers, including breast cancer.
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Schedule regular screenings: Routine mammograms and clinical breast exams are key to detecting cancer early.
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Discuss family history: Women with a strong family history may consider genetic testing and early screening.
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Breastfeed if possible: Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women.
Adopting these preventive measures and staying alert to body changes can make a significant difference. Yatharth Hospital’s preventive health packages and screening services are designed to help patients monitor their breast health with confidence and convenience.
How Yatharth Hospitals Supports Comprehensive Breast Cancer Care
At Yatharth Hospitals, we are committed to providing world-class, multidisciplinary care for every patient diagnosed with breast cancer. Our approach combines medical excellence, advanced technology, and genuine compassion to ensure each patient receives holistic, and personalised care at every stage of their treatment journey. We offer:
Experienced Oncologists and Surgeons
Our team includes highly experienced oncologists, breast surgeons, radiologists, and pathologists who specialise in managing all types and stages of breast cancer. With years of clinical expertise and advanced training, they design treatment plans tailored to your specific condition, ensuring precision, comfort, and the best possible results.
Advanced Diagnostic and Treatment Technology
At Yatharth Hospital, we bring together advanced diagnostic and treatment technologies to ensure every patient receives precise and effective care. Our high-end imaging systems, including digital mammography, MRI, PET-CT, and ultrasound-guided biopsy, allow us to detect breast abnormalities early and accurately. With advanced radiation therapy units, we deliver highly targeted treatments that destroy cancer cells while minimising damage to healthy tissue. This precision reduces side effects, improves comfort, and supports faster recovery.
Comprehensive and Personalised Care
We provide complete breast cancer care under one roof — from screening and diagnosis to treatment and long-term rehabilitation. Every patient’s care plan is personalised according to the type and stage of cancer, overall health, and individual needs. Our multidisciplinary team of oncologists, surgeons, counsellors, dietitians, and physiotherapists work together to deliver coordinated care that addresses not just physical recovery but emotional and nutritional well-being as well.
Patient-Centric Approach
At Yatharth Hospital, you are always at the centre of every decision we make. We believe in care that is compassionate, ethical, and transparent, ensuring you and your family are fully informed and involved throughout your treatment journey. Our focus goes beyond treating the disease. We aim to help you regain confidence, maintain quality of life, and move forward with strength, dignity, and hope.
Schedule a Breast Cancer Screening or Treatment Appointment at Yatharth Hospitals Today
Early detection is the key to successful breast cancer treatment. Regular screenings and timely consultations can help identify changes before they progress into advanced stages. At Yatharth Hospitals, patients receive comprehensive care under one roof, combining advanced diagnostics, expert consultation, and modern treatment options.
