Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a serious infection of the female reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. It commonly affects sexually active women and can lead to chronic pelvic pain, infertility and other long-term health issues if not treated early.
This blog explains what PID is, its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options, complications, and prevention tips.
What Is PID?
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection that occurs when bacteria travel from the vagina or cervix into the upper reproductive organs. It is one of the most common causes of pelvic infection in women.
Many cases are linked to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), but non-STI bacteria can also cause PID.
Common PID Symptoms
PID symptoms vary from mild to severe. Some women may not notice signs until complications develop.
Typical PID Symptoms Include:
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Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
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Fever and pelvic pain
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Unusual or foul-smelling vaginal discharge
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Painful intercourse
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Pain or burning sensation while urinating
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Irregular menstrual bleeding
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Fatigue, nausea, or general weakness
If untreated, these symptoms may progress into chronic pelvic pain or serious complications.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Causes
The most common pelvic inflammatory disease causes include:
1. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Infections such as:
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Chlamydia
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Gonorrhea
These are the leading PID causes worldwide.
2. Vaginal or Cervical Infections
Bacteria that naturally live in the vagina can sometimes spread upward and cause infection.
3. Medical Procedures
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IUD insertion
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Childbirth
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Miscarriage
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Abortion procedures
These can introduce bacteria if proper hygiene is not maintained.
4. Other Factors
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Having multiple sexual partners
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Partner with untreated STI
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Frequent vaginal douching
PID Risk Factors
Women are at higher risk of PID if they have:
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A history of STIs
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Unprotected sexual intercourse
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Multiple partners
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Early sexual activity
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Previous PID infection
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Frequent douching
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A partner with untreated infection
Understanding these PID risk factors helps with prevention.
Complications of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
If untreated, PID can cause:
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Chronic pelvic pain
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Infertility
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Recurrent pelvic infections
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Formation of abscesses in the reproductive organs
These pelvic inflammatory disease complications can become severe and long-lasting.
Diagnosis: How Is PID Detected?
Diagnosis usually involves:
1. Pelvic Examination
To check for tenderness and infection.
2. Laboratory Tests
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STI tests
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Vaginal/cervical swabs
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Blood or urine check for inflammation
3. Ultrasound for PID
Ultrasound helps detect swelling, fluid buildup, or abscesses in the reproductive organs.
4. Additional Tests
In complicated cases, laparoscopy or MRI may be used for detailed evaluation.
PID Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity of the infection.
1. Antibiotics
The first line of treatment. A combination of medicines is given to target different bacteria.
Important: Complete the full antibiotic course even if symptoms reduce early.
2. Hospitalization
Needed when:
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Symptoms are severe
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Abscess is present
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Patient is pregnant
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Oral antibiotics are ineffective
3. Treating Sexual Partners
Essential to prevent reinfection.
4. Surgical Intervention
Rarely required—used only to drain abscesses or treat severe complications.
Prevention Tips: How to Lower the Risk of PID
Reducing exposure to harmful bacteria is the key to preventing pelvic infections.
1. Practice Safe Sex
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Use condoms consistently
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Limit sexual partners
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Get tested regularly for STIs
2. Avoid Douching
It disrupts natural vaginal bacteria and increases the risk of infection.
3. Maintain Hygiene During Medical Procedures
Ensure sterile practices during IUD insertion or childbirth.
4. Early Treatment of Infections
Treat urinary, vaginal, or STI infections promptly.
5. Routine Gynecological Check-ups
Helps detect infections early before they progress
