Ovarian Cysts: Causes, Risks, And When To Worry

Ovarian Cysts sacs filled with fluid that develop on or inside the ovaries, a very important part of the female reproductive system. While it may sound stressful, ovarian cysts are very common and mostly cause no harm. However, there are certain types of cysts that can lead you into complications and you might require medical attention. It is essential to understand the causes, potential risk factors and when you should seek help.

 

What Are Ovarian Cysts?

They are sac resembling filled with fluid that can form in the ovaries. Women have two ovaries - each about the size of an almond which are located on the sides of the uterus.

The production of eggs (Ova) takes place in the ovaries and they are also responsible for producing hormones like oestrogen and progesterone.

Cysts can have different sizes and types. While most of them develop as a part of the menstrual cycle and go unnoticed, others may grow bigger or persistent, leading to discomfort or complications.

 

Common Types of Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts can be broadly classified into Functional and Pathological cysts.

 

1. Functional Cysts (Most common)

They develop as a part of the natural menstrual cycle and are usually harmless.

 

• Follicular Cysts: Every month, an egg grows in a follicle inside the ovary. If the egg doesn't get ruptured by the follicle, it might continue growing and form a cyst.
• Corpus Luteum Cysts: The follicle, after releasing an egg shrinks into a mass of cells called the corpus luteum. If it gets sealed and is filled with liquid, It becomes a corpus luteum cyst.

 

Usually, the cysts get resolved on their own within a few menstrual cycles.

 

2. Pathological Cysts

These develop due to abnormal cell growth and will require medical attention.

 

• Dermoid Cysts (Teratomas): They contain tissue like hair, skin and even teeth because they are a part of embryonic cells.
• Endometriomas: These are caused by endometriosis - a condition in which the uterine lining grows outside the uterus. 
• Cystadenomas: They develop from ovarian tissue which may be filled with mucous material or clear fluid.

 

Causes of Ovarian Cysts:

Several factors can lead to the formation of ovarian cysts:

 

1. Pregnancy: In early pregnancy, a corpus luteum cyst can form in order to support the embryo.
2. Severe Pelvic Infections: Infections can spread to the ovaries which can result in formation of cysts.
3. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - A hormone related disorder in which multiple small cysts form in the ovaries. This often leads to irregular period cycle, infertility and metabolism related issues.
4. Hormonal Imbalance: An irregular period cycle or fertility based treatments can increase the chances of functional cysts.

 

Symptoms to look for:

As seen in many cases, cysts don't show any symptoms and are usually discovered during routine pelvic checks or ultrasounds. However, some women may experience things like:

 

• Irregular period cycle
• Frequent urge to urinate
• Pain during intercourse

 

Depending upon if a cyst gets ruptured or undergoes any twist to its pedicle, it may result in ovarian torsion, leading to sudden, severe pain.

 

Potential Risks:

While most cysts are not harmful and resolve on their own, some can lead to problems:

 

• Infertility: If a cyst is associated with endometriosis or PCO it can really impact your infertility, if not treated.
• Rupture: If a cyst bursts, it can result in internal bleeding, sudden pain and in rare cases, an infection.
• Cancer: Very rare, but some cysts can lead to being cancerous, especially in postmenopausal women.

 

When to seek medical attention?

Seek urgent medical attention if you experience:

 

1. Dizziness or fainting
2. Abnormal bleeding from vagina
3. Bloating or difficulty eating
4. Pain accompanied by fever and vomiting
5. Rapid breathing
6. Sudden severe pain

These symptoms can be a result of a ruptured cyst, ovarian torsion or some other serious condition.

 

Diagnosis and examination:

 

• Pelvic exam: To determine any abnormalities.
• Blood Test: A test including CA-125 can indicate ovarian cancer.
• Ultrasound: To see the shape and size of the cyst.

 

How Can Ovaries be Treated?

Most Functional cysts will disappear on their own. Some may need medical treatment. Few cysts will need surgery which can be done with small holes through Laparoscopy or robotic assistance

 

Can Ovarian Cysts be prevented?

Not all, but some cysts are preventable. These steps will help you reduce the risk:

 

• Maintain a healthy weight and an active lifestyle with a balanced diet.
• Regular check-ups by a gynaecologist.
• Use of hormonal birth control if recommended by your doctor.
• Managing hormonal imbalances.

 

Conclusion:

Ovarian cysts are a very common part of a woman's reproductive life. While most don't cause any harm, awareness is the real factor in determining the potentially serious issues early. It is essential to know the causes, risks, and warning signs to prevent any medical emergencies and consult timely care.

If you experience any unusual pelvic pain or menstrual irregularities, please don't ignore the symptoms. Consult a gynaecologist for a complete evaluation.